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Applied Sciences
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Applied Sciences
Article . 2025
Data sources: DOAJ
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Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters

Authors: Alexandre Trevisan Pereira; André Pacheco Meurer; Humberto Pinheiro;

Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed discrete-time implementation of an inner-loop voltage controller with a current limiter for grid-forming converters with an LC filter connected to the grid. The proposed approach utilizes a state feedback control law that depends on the states of both the converter and the internal model controller. Additionally, a resonant controller is designed to accurately track the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage. The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed for both virtual impedance and virtual admittance implementations. To validate the controller’s effectiveness, simulation results are provided using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) setup, alongside a comparison of different virtual impedance implementations.

Keywords

Technology, QH301-705.5, T, Physics, QC1-999, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), grid forming, virtual impedance, microgrid, Chemistry, inner-loop control, Northon equivalent, TA1-2040, Biology (General), QD1-999

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
gold