Aiming at the problem of serious deformation and difficult support in the surrounding rock of the near-vertical coal–rock-interbedded roadway, this paper studies the stress distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding the rock based on the engineering geological conditions of the Wudong coal mine, in particular with the +400 level B8 centralized transportation roadway. Meanwhile, both the deformation and destabilization characteristics of the roadway surrounding the rock is studied. The distribution of the plastic zone is numerically studied via the FLAC3D program. The research results showed that: the averaged maximum horizontal principal stress is 24.3 MPa, which is about 3.08 times of the vertical principal stress. The deformation and damage of the near-vertical coal–rock-interbedded roadway is asymmetrical, and the stress distribution of the roadway surrounding the rock shows obvious discontinuous characteristics. Moreover, the plastic zone of the roadway surrounding the rock is featured with the shear damage. It also suggests that the force of gravity along the coal–rock layer direction increases when the normal load at the level of the near-vertical coal–rock layer is relatively small. The overhanging area of the roof and the unconfined range of the floor increased, which was attributed to the shear slip damage, whereas the flexural deformation is produced under the effect of tectonic stress, which results in the instable mechanism of “the ribs heave, roof subsidence and floor heave” for near-vertical coal–rock-interbedded roadway.