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Autism Pathogenesis: The Superior Colliculus

التوحد المرضي: الأُكَيمَةُ العُلْوِيَّة
Authors: Rubin Jure;

Autism Pathogenesis: The Superior Colliculus

Abstract

Après avoir été exposé à un apport visuel, au cours de la première année de vie, le cerveau subit des changements subtils mais massifs apparemment cruciaux pour le développement humain communicatif/émotionnel et social. Son absence pourrait expliquer l'énorme prévalence de l'autisme chez les enfants atteints de cécité congénitale totale. La présente théorie postule que le colliculus supérieur (SC) est la structure clé de ces changements pour plusieurs raisons : il domine le comportement visuel pendant les premiers mois de la vie ; il est prêt à la naissance pour des tâches visuelles complexes ; il a une influence énorme sur plusieurs régions hémisphériques ; c'est le principal centre cérébral qui intègre en permanence des informations visuelles et non visuelles, externes et internes (respectivement ascendantes et descendantes) ; et il possède la capacité énigmatique de prendre des décisions non conscientes sur l'endroit où concentrer son attention. C'est aussi une sentinelle qui déclenche les mécanismes sous-corticaux qui motivent la motivation sociale à suivre les visages dès la naissance et à réagir automatiquement aux stimuli émotionnels. Grâce à des connexions indirectes, il active également simultanément plusieurs structures corticales nécessaires au développement de la cognition sociale et à l'accomplissement de la tâche multiattentionnelle requise pour une interaction sociale consciente dans des contextes réels. Des facteurs prénatals ou postnatals précoces génétiques ou non génétiques pourraient perturber les fonctions SC entraînant l'autisme. Le moment de la perturbation biologique postnatale correspond au moment des manifestations cliniques de l'autisme. Des coïncidences étonnantes entre les étiologies, les manifestations cliniques, les théories cognitives et pathogènes de l'autisme d'un côté et les fonctions SC de l'autre sont divulguées dans cette revue.

Después de estar expuesto a la información visual, en el primer año de vida, el cerebro experimenta cambios sutiles pero masivos aparentemente cruciales para el desarrollo humano comunicativo/emocional y social. Su carencia podría ser la explicación de la enorme prevalencia del autismo en niños con ceguera congénita total. La teoría actual postula que el colículo superior (SC) es la estructura clave para tales cambios por varias razones: domina el comportamiento visual durante los primeros meses de vida; está listo al nacer para tareas visuales complejas; tiene una gran influencia en varias regiones hemisféricas; es el principal centro cerebral que integra permanentemente información visual y no visual, externa e interna (de abajo hacia arriba y de arriba hacia abajo, respectivamente); y posee la enigmática capacidad de tomar decisiones no conscientes sobre dónde enfocar la atención. También es un centinela que desencadena los mecanismos subcorticales que impulsan la motivación social para seguir las caras desde el nacimiento y reaccionar automáticamente a los estímulos emocionales. A través de conexiones indirectas, también activa simultáneamente varias estructuras corticales necesarias para desarrollar la cognición social y realizar la tarea multiatencional requerida para la interacción social consciente en entornos de la vida real. Los factores genéticos o no genéticos prenatales o postnatales tempranos podrían alterar las funciones de SC que resultan en autismo. El momento de la interrupción biológica posnatal coincide con el momento de las manifestaciones clínicas del autismo. En esta revisión se revelan sorprendentes coincidencias entre etiologías, manifestaciones clínicas, teorías cognitivas y de autismo patógeno por un lado y funciones SC por el otro.

After being exposed to visual input, in the first year of life, the brain experiences subtle but massive changes apparently crucial for communicative/emotional and social human development. Its lack could be the explanation of the huge prevalence of autism in children with total congenital blindness. The present theory postulates that the superior colliculus (SC) is the key structure for such changes for several reasons: it dominates visual behavior during the first months of life; it is ready at birth for complex visual tasks; it has a huge influence on several hemispheric regions; it is the main brain hub that permanently integrates visual and non-visual, external and internal information (bottom-up and top-down respectively); and it owns the enigmatic ability to take non-conscious decisions about where to focus attention. It is also a sentinel that triggers the subcortical mechanisms which drive social motivation to follow faces from birth and to react automatically to emotional stimuli. Through indirect connections it also activates simultaneously several cortical structures necessary to develop social cognition and to accomplish the multiattentional task required for conscious social interaction in real life settings. Genetic or non-genetic prenatal or early postnatal factors could disrupt the SC functions resulting in autism. The timing of postnatal biological disruption matches the timing of clinical autism manifestations. Astonishing coincidences between etiologies, clinical manifestations, cognitive and pathogenic autism theories on one side and SC functions on the other are disclosed in this review.

بعد تعرضه للمدخلات البصرية، في السنة الأولى من الحياة، يواجه الدماغ تغييرات خفية ولكنها هائلة تبدو حاسمة للتطور البشري التواصلي/العاطفي والاجتماعي. يمكن أن يكون نقصه تفسيرًا للانتشار الهائل لمرض التوحد لدى الأطفال المصابين بالعمى الخلقي الكلي. تفترض النظرية الحالية أن الأكيمات العليا (SC) هي البنية الرئيسية لمثل هذه التغييرات لعدة أسباب: فهي تهيمن على السلوك البصري خلال الأشهر الأولى من الحياة ؛ وهي جاهزة عند الولادة للمهام البصرية المعقدة ؛ ولها تأثير كبير على العديد من مناطق نصف الكرة الأرضية ؛ وهي محور الدماغ الرئيسي الذي يدمج بشكل دائم المعلومات البصرية وغير البصرية والخارجية والداخلية (من أسفل إلى أعلى ومن أعلى إلى أسفل على التوالي )؛ وتمتلك القدرة الغامضة على اتخاذ قرارات غير واعية حول مكان تركيز الانتباه. كما أنه حارس يحفز الآليات تحت القشرية التي تدفع الدافع الاجتماعي لمتابعة الوجوه منذ الولادة والرد تلقائيًا على المحفزات العاطفية. من خلال الروابط غير المباشرة، ينشط أيضًا في وقت واحد العديد من الهياكل القشرية اللازمة لتطوير الإدراك الاجتماعي وإنجاز المهمة متعددة المراحل المطلوبة للتفاعل الاجتماعي الواعي في بيئات الحياة الحقيقية. يمكن أن تؤدي العوامل الوراثية أو غير الوراثية قبل الولادة أو في وقت مبكر بعد الولادة إلى تعطيل وظائف SC مما يؤدي إلى التوحد. يتطابق توقيت الاضطراب البيولوجي بعد الولادة مع توقيت مظاهر التوحد السريرية. يتم الكشف عن المصادفات المذهلة بين المسببات والمظاهر السريرية ونظريات التوحد المعرفية والمسببة للأمراض من جانب ووظائف SC من جهة أخرى في هذه المراجعة.

Keywords

Developmental psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Autism, pulvinar, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, autism pathogenesis, Cognition, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cognitive psychology, Health Sciences, Genetics, Psychology, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Superior colliculus, Brain Imaging, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Brain Development, Life Sciences, visual pathways, Social cognition, Joint attention, FOS: Psychology, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Psychiatry and Mental health, human development, Visual processing, FOS: Biological sciences, Molecular Basis of Rett Syndrome and Related Disorders, Medicine, Perception, congenital blindness, RC321-571, Neuroscience

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
28
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold