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The Open Journal of Astrophysics
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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The Open Journal of Astrophysics
Article . 2025
Data sources: DOAJ
https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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The distribution of misalignment angles in multipolar planetary nebulae

Authors: Ido Avitan; Noam Soker;

The distribution of misalignment angles in multipolar planetary nebulae

Abstract

We measure the projected angle on the plane of the sky between adjacent symmetry axes of tens of multipolar planetary nebulae and find that the distribution of these misalignment angles implies a random three-dimensional angle distribution limited to ≲ 60 ∘ . We identify a symmetry axis as a line connecting two opposite lobes (bubbles) or clumps. We build a cumulative distribution function of the projected angles α and find that an entirely random distribution of the three-dimensional angles δ between adjacent symmetry axes, namely, uncorrelated directions, does not fit the observed one. A good fit to the observed distribution is a limited random distribution of the three-dimensional angle between adjacent symmetry axes, i.e., random distribution in the range of 20 ∘ ≲ δ ≲ 60 ∘ . We assume that a pair of jets along the angular momentum axis of an accretion disk around the companion shape each symmetry axis. The limited random distribution might result from two sources of angular momentum to the accretion disks with comparable magnitude: one with a fixed direction and one with a stochastic direction variation. We discuss a scenario where the fixed-axis angular momentum source is the binary orbital angular momentum, while the stochastic source of angular momentum is due to the vigorous envelope convection of the mass-losing giant progenitor.

Keywords

QB460-466, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), FOS: Physical sciences, QB1-991, Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
gold