The paper provides analysis on livelihood resources applied to the case of Thoai Son District. Sociological investigation together with annual socio-economic statistics has been employed in order to assess the underlying state and role of livelihood resources to Thoai Son households, particularly focusing on resource characteristics (human resources, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital), resource approaches and livelihood strategies. The people’s life quality was assessed on key aspects such as income, residential house, living facilities, improvement in living standards and spiritual life. Favorable factors as well as constraints to household livelihood development were determined, entailing solutions on livelihood enhancement and sustainability for Thoai Son community given the current context of integration and development. Main solutions proposed cover areas such as human resources, diversification of income-generating activities and financial matters.