It is perhaps worth mentioning that examination of ejaculate can be helpful in the diagnosis of men with bronchiectasis of unknown origin: if they have cystic fibrosis, these patients usually have azoospermia, but unlike patients with Klinefelter syndrome they usually have testes of normal size. In primary ciliary dyskinesia, sperm are either immotile or very poorly motile. Both findings can indicate a targeted molecular genetic diagnosis, especially when there are also questions of family planning or evaluation of the recurrence risk in children. However, it should first be verified whether this diagnosis may give rise to problems of dubious paternity concerning existing children.