High-temperature carburizing heat treatment of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel was carried out at 930 °C, 950 °C and 970 °C. The effects of carburizing process on the microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel were studied. The results showed that the microstructure after high-temperature carburizing was mainly tempered martensite, and there were more carbides with carburizing temperatures of 950 °C and 970 °C. After carburizing at 950 °C and 970 °C, the effective hardened layer depths increased by 1.5 and 1.7 times, respectively, compared to that after carburizing at 930 °C. The average friction coefficients after carburizing at 930 °C, 950 °C and 970 °C were 0.66, 0.62 and 0.57, respectively. With the increase in carburizing temperature, the friction coefficient gradually decreased. Moreover, the total processing time also decreased from 139.5 h at 930 °C to 62.5 h at 950 °C and 46.5 h at 970 °C. Therefore, improving the carburizing process can shorten the total process time and improve the production efficiency while ensuring hardness and wear resistance.