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German Medical Science
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Risks, risk assessment and risk competence in toxicology

Risiko, Risikobewertung und Risikokompetenz in der Toxikologie
Authors: Stahlmann, R; Horvath, A;

Risks, risk assessment and risk competence in toxicology

Abstract

Das Verständnis der toxischen Wirkungen von Stoffen setzt ein gutes Verständnis der Physiologie bzw. Biochemie voraus. Das häufig beschriebene mangelnde Verständnis in der Bevölkerung für die Pharmakologie und Toxikologie beruht deshalb zu einem großen Teil auf den mangelnden Kenntnissen der erforderlichen Grundlagen. Toxische Wirkungen sind dosisabhängig, die Einschätzung von Risiken durch toxische Stoffe setzt also quantitatives Denken voraus. Da öffentliche Diskussionen aber fast immer die quantitativen Aspekte weglassen, werden von Laien Dosis-Wirkung-Beziehungen kaum beachtet. Ein wesentlicher Grund liegt auch in der Tatsache, dass die Expositionen in extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen erfolgen, diese Mengen aber nicht mit den menschlichen Sinnen erfasst werden können. Sie sind nur intellektuell nachvollziehbar. Häufig sind die Grenzwerte im Niedrigexpositionsbereich allerdings auch wissenschaftlich umstritten. Gleichzeitig besteht eine weit verbreitete Ignoranz gegenüber bekannten Gefahren. Eine Stärkung der Risikokompetenz bei Laien wird sich deshalb zunächst darauf beschränken müssen, für die vorhandenen Probleme ein stärkeres Bewusstsein zu schaffen.

Understanding the toxic effects of xenobiotics requires sound knowledge of physiology and biochemistry. The often described lack of understanding pharmacology/toxicology is therefore primarily caused by the general absence of the necessary fundamental knowledge. Since toxic effects depend on exposure (or dosage) assessing the risks arising from toxic substances also requires quantitative reasoning. Typically public discussions nearly always neglect quantitative aspects and laypersons tend to disregard dose-effect-relationships. One of the main reasons for such disregard is the fact that exposures often occur at extremely low concentrations that can only be perceived intellectually but not by the human senses. However, thresholds in the low exposure range are often scientifically disputed. At the same time, ignorance towards known dangers is wide-spread. Thus, enhancing the risk competence of laypersons will have to be initially restricted to increasing the awareness of existing problems.

GMS German Medical Science; 13:Doc09

Related Organizations
Keywords

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, problem awareness, known risks, Toxicology, niedrige Konzentrationen, Risk Assessment, Article, dose-effect-relationships, Risk Factors, Toxikologie, Grundlagenkenntnisse, Animals, Humans, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, Carbon Monoxide, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Risk Management, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, R, fundamental knowledge, 610 Medical sciences; Medicine, Problembewusstsein, ddc: 610, Dosis-Wirkung-Beziehungen, low concentrations, bekannte Risiken, Medicine, Aluminum, toxicology

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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Average
Top 10%
Average
Green
gold