
doi: 10.3176/lu.2018.3.05
The paper demonstrates the existence of an inclusive-exclusive distinction in the pronominal forms of the Udmurt language, which exhibits two forms of first person plural — ми and аÑьмеоÑ. The pronoun ми ’we’ is exclusive as it is used when the addressee or addressees are excluded from the set of Âreferents which also contains the speaker, in other words, ми ’we’ = ’I + he/she/they’, i.e. ’speaker and other(s)’. The pronoun аÑÑŒÐ¼ÐµÐ¾Ñ â€™we’ is inclusive, as it is used when the addressee or addressees are included in the group of the speaker, i.e. аÑÑŒÐ¼ÐµÐ¾Ñ â€™we’ = ’I + youSG/youPL’. The Udmurt language seems to be the only language spoken in Europe that has the opposition of ’we’ inclusive and ’we’ exclusive. It is noteworthy that an inclusive form has appeared in the Yiddish idiom spoken in Udmurtia under the influence of the Udmurt language.
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