Abstract This chapter addresses the issue of retained austenite in quenched carburized steels. It explains why retained austenite can be expected at the surface of case-hardened components, how to estimate the amount that will be present, and how to effectively stabilize or otherwise control it. It presents detailed images and data plots showing how retained austenite appears and how it influences hardness, tensile properties, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance.