This comprehensive review examines recent advances across multiple domains in construction materials and structural engineering. The review synthesizes findings from research on bacterial/microbial concrete and self-healing materials, advanced structural modeling techniques, composite beams and post-tensioning, fatigue and cyclic loading behavior, connections and joints in composite structures, and biophilic design principles. By integrating insights from these diverse yet interconnected fields, the review identifies emerging trends, current challenges, and promising directions for future research and application. Cross-cutting themes of sustainability, technological integration, and interdisciplinary collaboration are highlighted as essential considerations for advancing construction innovation. The review concludes that the integration of biological processes, computational modeling, composite action optimization, life-cycle thinking, and human-centered design approaches collectively point toward a more sustainable, resilient, and efficient built environment.