Abstract. The incidence of surgical complications associated with cesarean section (CS) was studied prospectively in 1319 patients undergoing CS during the years 1978, 1979 and 1980 (18% of all deliveries). The overall complication rate was 11.6% (9.5% patients with minor complications and 2.1 % with major complications). The complication rate for emergency operations was 18.9% and for elective CS, 4.2%—a highly significant difference, (p <0.001). Six risk factors were associated with the occurrence of surgical complications in emergency cases: Station of the presenting part of the fetus in relation to the spinal plane (p <0.001), labor prior to surgery (p<0.001), low gestational age (<32 weeks) (p<0.001), rupture of fetal membranes (with labor) prior to surgery (p <0.01), previous CS (p <0.01), and skill of the operator (p<0.05). However, no such risk factors were found in the elective group. The clinical relevance of these findings is summarized in two conclusions. Firstly, the proportion of emergency operations needs to be reduced, either in favor of elective procedures, or by allowing more patients to give birth by the vaginal route. Secondly, emergency CS requires great skill on the part of the surgeon, and should therefore not be entrusted to young, inexperienced obstetricians.