Papers on Inner Asia is a refereed occasional paper series focused on the history, language, literature, and culture of Inner Asia.�Inner Asia is defined as the region that includes Islamic Central Asia (the areas sometimes called Western, Eastern, and Afghan Turkestan), Mongolia, Manchuria, and Tibet. The papers deal with various topics related to this vast region, in fields of history, philology, linguistics, anthropology, archeology, and economics, among others. Works on certain subjects that transcend the boundaries of Inner Asia in its strict sense, but are relevant for the study of its peoples, languages, history, and culture, are also included. The Papers were launched by Yuri Bregel in 1986. Beginning in 2020, the series is divided into six sub-series: (1) Islamic Central Asia; (2) Volga-Ural region and Western Siberia; (3) Mongolian and Manchu Studies; (4) Tibetan Studies; (5) Inner Asia through the Twelfth Century; and (6) The Mongol Empire, Thirteenth-Fourteenth Centuries. � Papers on Inner Asia is designed to ensure prompt publication of scholarly papers and to facilitate the publication of longer papers, which are large enough not to be accepted by most scholarly journals.