Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) orthopedic manipulative therapy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation in terms of relieving pain, improving lumbar function, enhancing quality of life, and reducing recurrence rates. Methods: A total of 120 patients with lumbar disc herniation were randomly divided into an experimental group (treated with TCM orthopedic manipulative therapy) and a control group (treated with conventional therapy), with 60 cases in each group. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain levels, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) to evaluate the lumbar function, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) to assess the quality of life. Recurrence rates were recorded during the follow-up period. VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores were recorded and analyzed before treatment, four weeks after treatment, and at the end of the follow-up period. Results: The VAS scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group after four weeks of treatment and at the end of the follow-up period (P < 0.001). The improvement in ODI scores was also significantly better than the control group (P < 0.001), and SF-36 scores were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.001). The recurrence rate in the experimental group was 16.7%, significantly lower than the control group’s 33.3% (P = 0.024). Conclusion: TCM orthopedic manipulative therapy can significantly relieve pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation and improve lumbar function and quality of life, with a lower recurrence rate and a more stable efficacy, demonstrating value for clinical promotion.