Since the implementation of the Bologna reform in Portugal, there has been a significant increase in the number of doctoral graduates due to the establishment of formal doctoral programs. Before this, the doctorate was primarily awarded to higher education professors. However, since then, anyone who meets the requirements set out by the law can now obtain a doctorate. Despite the rise in the number of doctoral students, particularly among women, there is cause for concern as completion rates remain low. This could be attributed to minimal admission criteria, inadequate scholarship funding, and the reality that numerous doctoral students balance their studies with other professional obligations. Despite the low completion rate, many doctoral graduates struggle to find employment and end up in precarious situations.

Academia, No 38 (2025)