
Broadleaf weeds, including giant ragweed [Ambrosia trifida (L.)] and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer], are consistently recognized as problematic species in corn [(Zea mays (L.)] production throughout the United States. These species can cause extensive yield losses when allowed to compete with corn during the early stages of vegetative growth. Saflufenacil, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide, has residual and burndown activity on broadleaf weeds. However, saflufenacil can only be safely applied before corn emergence to avoid extreme levels of crop phytotoxicity. Saflufenacil was recently reformulated as a microencapsulation to limit foliar absorption, which should allow for safer postemergence applications.Field experiments were conducted to evaluate residual broadleaf weed control and corn phytotoxicity from preemergence and early postemergence applications of encapsulated saflufenacil, alone and in the commercially available premixture with pyroxasulfone. Giant ragweed control from encapsulated saflufenacil applied alone ranged from 46% to 55% at 28 days after application, which was always less than that of non-encapsulated saflufenacil (63% or greater). Furthermore, even when following a timely activating rainfall event, encapsulated saflufenacil failed to reduce giant ragweed density and biomass to the extent of the non-encapsulated formulation. In contrast, saflufenacil, with or without encapsulation, at full rates resulted in greater than 90% control of small-seeded broadleaf weeds.Although the encapsulation acts as a barrier to foliar saflufenacil uptake, a small portion of saflufenacil remains outside of the capsule during the formulation process, and this free saflufenacil can cause severe foliar injury when the encapsulated saflufenacil formulation is applied in a postemergence tank mixture. Field and controlled environment experiments were conducted to assess the effects of surfactant-based and oil-based activator adjuvants, nitrogen fertilizer adjuvants, and foliar-active herbicides on corn phytotoxicity from the encapsulated saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone premixture. The greatest injury across all experiments was observed from postemergence tank mixtures containing modified seed oil (MSO) and ammonium sulfate (AMS) activator adjuvants. Crop phytotoxicity was lower when urea ammonium nitrate was applied with MSO compared to AMS. Additionally, when applied with an oil-based activator adjuvant and AMS, injury from the encapsulated saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone premixture was greatest when applications were performed in the morning compared to noon or evening applications. Despite initial injury levels reaching 30% in some treatments, the injury from the encapsulated saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone premixture was temporary across all treatments, with plant recovery observed within 2 weeks after application. Lastly, a chlorophyll fluorescence-based assay confirmed that phytotoxicity from encapsulated saflufenacil results solely from the non-encapsulated fraction within the formulation. Furthermore, the physical stability of saflufenacil microcapsules remained unchanged when stored for 7 days after mixing.Overall, these results demonstrate that encapsulated saflufenacil can be a beneficial preemergence and early postemergence weed management tool for corn growers. However, the encapsulation of saflufenacil may slow the release of saflufenacil into the soil solution for weed uptake and result in reduced weed control, especially for giant ragweed. The most effective control of problematic broadleaf weeds, however, is achieved when encapsulated saflufenacil is applied in combination with other herbicide modes of action, adhering to the best management practices for mitigating herbicide resistance. It is also essential that applicators closely follow label guidelines when applying the encapsulated saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone premixture postemergence with other herbicides or activator adjuvants to prevent any enhanced foliar crop injury that may be expressed from the minute amount of free saflufenacil in the formulation.
Crop and pasture protection (incl. pests, diseases and weeds), Agronomy
Crop and pasture protection (incl. pests, diseases and weeds), Agronomy
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