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Towards a genetic system for ammonia oxidizing archaea

Authors: Urban, Marlene;

Towards a genetic system for ammonia oxidizing archaea

Abstract

Ammoniak oxidierende Archaeen (AOA) spielen eine wichtige Rolle im globalen geochemischen Stickstoffkreislauf. Sie sind weltweit in vielfältigen Lebensräumen verbreitet und tragen zum Verlust von reaktiven Stickstoffspezies in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden bei. Allerdings ist nur wenig über die Schlüsselenzyme bekannt, welche verantwortlich für ihren Hauptenergiestoffwechsel, die Umwandlung von Ammonium zu Nitrit, sind. Folglich ist Forschung zur Etablierung eines genetischen Systems für diese Organismen entscheidend, um künftige Studien zu ihren Gen- und Proteinfunktionen zu erlauben. Diese Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus franklandianus C13, einer Bodenspezies aus der Ordnung der Nitrososphaerales. Verschiedene Methoden zur Einführung von DNA in die Zellen wurden getestet, nämlich CaCl2-Hitzeschock, Elektroporation und eine Kombination aus beidem. Zusätzlich wurde Konjugation unter Verwendung von Escherichia coli als Donorspezies durchgeführt. Weder Transformations- noch Konjugationsexperimente führten zu Kulturen, die durch Aufnahme fremder Plasmid-DNA eine Resistenz gegen den Inhibitor 6-MP erworben haben. Allerdings trat im Verlauf dieser Studie mehrfach eine spontane Resistenz auf. Im Gegensatz zu vorangegangenen Untersuchungen zeigte sich ein breiteres Spektrum an Mutationen in N. franklandianus. Diese beinhalten Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen (SNPs) und Insertionen, welche zu einer Verschiebung des Leserahmens führen und die einzelnen Resistenzmutationen zeigten unterschiedliche Phänotypen. Dieser Effekt könnte durch die Zugabe von AMP oder GMP abgeschwächt werden, da dieser Mangel Grund für ihr vermindertes Wachstum sein könnte. Obwohl N. franklandianus keine Anzeichen zeigte, erfolgreich transformiert oder konjugiert worden zu sein, lieferte diese Arbeit eine Basis für verschiedenen Strategien künftiger Bemühungen zur Herstellung des ersten genetischen Systems für AOA.

Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) play an important role in the global geochemical nitrogen cycle. They are globally distributed in diverse environments and contribute to the loss of reactive nitrogen species in agricultural soils. However, little is known about the key metabolic enzymes responsible for their main energy metabolism, the conversion of ammonium to nitrite. Therefore, research on the establishment of a genetic system for these organisms is crucial to allow future studies on their gene and protein functions. This project focused on Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus franklandianus C13, a soil species from the order of Nitrososphaerales. Several methods of DNA delivery into cells were tested, namely transformation via CaCl2-heat shock, electroporation and a combination of both. Additionally, conjugation using Escherichia coli as donor species was attempted. Neither transformation nor conjugation experiments yielded cultures growing due to acquired resistance to the inhibitor 6-MP by introduction of foreign plasmid DNA. However, spontaneous resistance occurred multiple times during this study. In contrast to prior research, a broader spectrum of mutations in N. franklandianus was revealed. They included single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions leading to a frame shift and the distinct resistant mutations exhibited different phenotypes. This effect might be mitigated by the addition of AMP or GMP, as the lack could underlie their retarded growth. Although N. franklandianus does not appear to be successfully transformed or conjugated, this study provides a basis on different strategies for future efforts towards the establishment of the first genetic system for AOA.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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