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RNA-RNA interactions in mammalian genomes

RNA-RNA Interaktionen in Säugetiergenomen
Authors: Steininger, Dominik;

RNA-RNA interactions in mammalian genomes

Abstract

Das Spleißen von RNA durch das Spleißosom ist ein bedeutendes Markenzeichen eukaryotischer Organismen und der Eckpfeiler der Proteindiversität und -synthese beim Menschen. Während des Speißprozesses werden die nicht-kodierenden Teile, sogenannte Introns, aus dem RNA-Transkript entfernt, sodass nur mehr kodierende Sequenzen übrig bleiben und als Vorlage für die Proteinsynthese dienen. Die Größe dieser Introns variiert zwischen einigen wenigen und einigen hunderttausend Basenpaaren. Das Spleißosom muss den Anfang und das Ende der intronischen Regionen erkennen und diese in weiterer Folge entfernen. Für kurze Introns kann man damit argumentieren, dass das Spleißesom mit Hilfe von zusätzlichen Faktoren die beiden Spleißstellen erkennen und herausschneiden kann. Betrachtet man jedoch lange Introns, ist es schwer vorstellbar, dass die Spleißenden allein durch die Größe des Spleißkomplexes erkannt werden können. Dennoch muss ein Mechanismus existieren, der die beiden Intronenden soweit zusammenführt, dass das Spleißosom diese erkennen und spleißen kann. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass RNA intramolekulare Strukturen ausbildet, schlagen wir vor, dass die beiden Spleißenden durch RNA-Faltung in räumliche Nähe gebracht werden und dadurch vom Spleißosom erkannt und weiter prozessiert werden können. Wir haben die bestmöglichen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den 5' und 3' Enden der nativen Introns berechnet, diese mit einem Hintergrundmodell verglichen und konnten feststellen, dass native Sequenzen im Vergleich zum Kontrollmodell deutlich stabilere Interaktionen ausbilden. Zusätzlich fanden wir gehäuft Interaktionen zwischen den äußersten Region der Introns. In weiteren Untersuchungen konnten wir zeigen, dass unter anderem Alu-Elemente an der Bildung starker Wechselwirkungen beteiligt sind. Darüber hinaus ist es möglich, dass Alu-Elemente auf diese Art den Transkriptionsprozess beeinflussen und damit auch etwaige genetische Krankheiten verursachen können, selbst wenn Alus durch ihre transposablen Eigenschaften nicht direkt in kodierende Regionen springen. Hier präsentieren wir Hinweise auf einen weiteren Mechanimus der Spleißregulation durch Interaktionen zwischen den äußersten Enden von langen Introns, die dazu führen, dass die Enden in räumliche Nähe gelangen und die Erkennung der Spleißstellen erleichtert wird.

RNA-splicing by the spliceosome is an important characteristic of eukaryotic organisms and the foundation of protein diversity and synthesis in humans. During the splicing process introns are removed from the coding sequences to yield a mature RNA transcript that can be further translated to proteins. The size of these introns can reach from a few to hundreds of thousands basepairs. For small introns we can argue that the spliceosome or associated auxiliary factors detect both ends of the intron simply by the spacial proximity of the two splice-sites. In large introns, however, this argument loses its weight as the size of the spliceosome is limited. Nevertheless, there has to be a mechanism that brings the two splice-sites together to be recognized and processed. Considering the fact that RNA is prone to form intra-molecular interactions, we suggest that long introns form secondary structures and bring both splice-sites closer together so that the spliceosome can recognize and remove them. We predicted possible interactions between the 5' and the 3' ends of intronic regions and compared them to a background model which revealed that interactions between the ends of native intron sequences are much more stable than average interactions. Additionally, we found an over-representation of interactions between the outermost parts of the 5' and the 3' regions of the intron. This suggests that at least part of the introns show some kind of structuredness that could affect the splicing regulation. A closer investigation revealed that inverted Alu-sequences are involved in forming strong connections between intron-ends. Moreover, Alu-elements may influence the transcription process and are in some cases involved in genetic diseases, even if they are not inserted directly into the coding regions. Possible long-ranged structures between intron ends could indicate another mechanism of splicing regulation and closer investigation could provide an approach for better understanding the complex regulation in alternative splicing.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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