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Vocal communication in cheetahs

Vokale Kommunikation von Geparden : Untersuchung des hoch-frequenten Kontaktrufs "chirp" des Gepards
Authors: Nagorzanski, Tina;

Vocal communication in cheetahs

Abstract

Determining the information content of vocalizations is a crucial step towards understanding a species communication system. Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) have versatile vocalizations that are generally recognized, but not understood! Little is known about the information encoded by these signals. In my thesis, I examined the acoustic structure of the cheetah’s high frequency contact calls, the chirp and the yelp, and analyzed their sound propagation features. The high-pitched contact-chirp is unusual for an animal of the cheetah’s size and one that lives in an open habitat. Chirps of all individuals had an average mean fundamental frequency of 1.7 kHz (± 0.5 kHz). Yelps were found to have a similar structure as they were almost as abrupt in frequency change but their average fundamental frequency was 1 kHz lower than in chirps. Average mean fundamental frequency of chirps of one-year-olds was 1.9 kHz (± 0.4 kHz). I tested for individuality of chirps in 12 one-year-olds and found that all tested acoustic parameters showed a high degree of individual distinctiveness. At that age it’s still essential for survival to stay in contact with their mother and their siblings. On the contrary, there was no pronounced difference in frequency-related parameters between sexes, except for start frequency, which was significantly higher in females than in males. Sex-specific differences of chirps are probably more distinct in adult cheetahs. In one individual in which I recorded the most vocalizations, I found that the sound structure of chirps varied according to context. Chirps produced in a food-anticipation context varied significantly from chirps uttered during contact calling, highlighting that cheetahs possess a within-call type flexibility dependent of context. The sound propagation experiments showed that all tested acoustic parameters of chirps remained individually distinctive up to a distance of 200 meters. Yelps were less persistent. The fundamental frequency of yelps could not be detected at spectrograms re-recorded at 200 m distance and above. Measurable mean frequency increased with distance in chirps of all individuals, because the peak frequencies of the fundamental possessed most acoustic energy. The measured frequency increase was smaller in calls, where amplitude was evenly distributed. Abiotic parameters (temperature, humidity, speed of wind) were constant during the experiments but other factors, like ground attenuation might also have had an effect on chirp propagation. Further studies with cheetahs of different age groups and with individuals of known weight, are needed to show how the acoustic structure of chirps changes with age and body mass.

Geparde haben ungewöhnlich hochfrequente Kontaktrufe, genannt „chirps“, im Vergleich zu gleich großen Katzen und solchen die ebenfalls im offenen Habitat leben. Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit den beiden Kontaktrufen „chirp“ und „yelp“, des Gepards und deren Schallausbreitung im offenen Gelände. „Chirps“ aller Individuen hatten eine mittlere Grundfrequenz von 1.7 kHz (± 0.5 kHz), die von Einjährigen lag bei 1.9 kHz (± 0.4 kHz). „Chirps“ hatten eine abruptere Frequenzänderung als „yelps“, welche auch 1 kHz tiefer waren. Individuelle Unterschiede zwischen „chirps“ von Einjährigen konnten in jedem gemessen akustischen Parameter gezeigt werden. Die individuelle Unterscheidung anhand von „chirps“ ist bei einjährigen Geparden enorm wichtig, da sie in einem Gruppenverband oder noch mit ihrer Mutter zusammenleben. Geschlechtsunterschiede gab es bei „chirps“ von Einjährigen nur beim Parameter Startfrequenz, welcher bei Weibchen signifikant höher war. Ein eindeutiger sexueller Dimorphismus in ihren Lauten konnte nicht festgestellt werden und ist wahrscheinlich erst bei erwachsenen Tieren vollständig ausgeprägt. Bei einem Tier konnte festgestellt werden, dass die akustische Struktur der „chirps“ sich mit dem Kontext verändert. „Chirps die vor der Fütterung produziert wurden waren signifikant unterschiedlich zu „chirps“ die als Kontaktruf geäußert wurden. Schallausbreitungsexperimente zeigten, dass individuelle Unterschiede in der akustischen Struktur von „chirps“ einjähriger Geparde noch in einer Distanz von mindestens 200 Meter detektierbar sein sollten. Bei 250 m und 400 m Distanz nahm die Anzahl der individuell signifikant unterschiedlichen Parameter hingegen deutlich ab. „Yelps“ konnten bei größeren Distanzen kaum mehr detektiert werden und ihre Grundfrequenzen war auf Spektrogrammen ab 200 m nicht mehr zu erkennen. Vor allem tiefere Frequenzen am Ende der Kontaktrufe gingen über die Distanz stark verloren. Dies führte zu einer höheren gemessenen mittleren Grundfrequenz von Kontaktrufen mit größerer Distanz. Eine Erklärung dafür ist, dass höhere Frequenzen am Anfang oder in der Mitte des Kontaktrufs mehr Schallenergie aufwiesen. Die gemessenen Umweltparameter - Temperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit und Luftfeuchte - blieben während der Experimente konstant aber weitere abiotische Faktoren könnten ebenfalls einen Einfluss auf die Ausbreitung von „chirps“ und „yelps“ haben. Um den Einfluss von Alter und Gewicht auf die akustische Struktur von „chirps“ zu evaluieren, sollten in weiteren Studien „chirps“ mehrerer Individuen aus verschiedenen Altersklassen getestet, so wie das Körpergewicht der Geparde für Analysen herangezogen werden.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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