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Formalized Mathematics
Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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Formalized Mathematics
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Article . 2019
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On Roots of Polynomials over F[X]/ 〈p〉

On roots of polynomials over \(F[X]/\)
Authors: Christoph Schwarzweller;

On Roots of Polynomials over F[X]/ 〈p〉

Abstract

Summary This is the first part of a four-article series containing a Mizar [3], [1], [2] formalization of Kronecker’s construction about roots of polynomials in field extensions, i.e. that for every field F and every polynomial p ∈ F [X]\F there exists a field extension E of F such that p has a root over E. The formalization follows Kronecker’s classical proof using F [X]/<p> as the desired field extension E [9], [4], [6]. In this first part we show that an irreducible polynomial p ∈ F [X]\F has a root over F [X]/<p>. Note, however, that this statement cannot be true in a rigid formal sense: We do not have F ⊆ [X]/ < p > as sets, so F is not a subfield of F [X]/<p>, and hence formally p is not even a polynomial over F [X]/ < p >. Consequently, we translate p along the canonical monomorphism ϕ: F → F [X]/<p> and show that the translated polynomial ϕ(p) has a root over F [X]/<p>. Because F is not a subfield of F [X]/<p> we construct in the second part the field (E \ ϕF )∪F for a given monomorphism ϕ : F → E and show that this field both is isomorphic to F and includes F as a subfield. In the literature this part of the proof usually consists of saying that “one can identify F with its image ϕF in F [X]/<p> and therefore consider F as a subfield of F [X]/<p>”. Interestingly, to do so we need to assume that F ∩ E =∅, in particular Kronecker’s construction can be formalized for fields F with F \ F [X] =∅. Surprisingly, as we show in the third part, this condition is not automatically true for arbitray fields F : With the exception of 𝕑2 we construct for every field F an isomorphic copy F ′ of F with F′ ∩ F′ [X] ≠∅. We also prove that for Mizar’s representations of 𝕑n, 𝕈 and 𝕉 we have 𝕑n ∩ 𝕑n[X] = ∅, 𝕈 ∩ 𝕈[X] = ∅and 𝕉 ∩ 𝕉[X] = ∅, respectively. In the fourth part we finally define field extensions: E is a field extension of F i F is a subfield of E. Note, that in this case we have F ⊆ E as sets, and thus a polynomial p over F is also a polynomial over E. We then apply the construction of the second part to F [X]/<p> with the canonical monomorphism ϕ : F → F [X]/<p>. Together with the first part this gives - for fields F with F ∩ F [X] = ∅ - a field extension E of F in which p ∈ F [X]\F has a root.

Related Organizations
Keywords

Algebraic field extensions, Formalization of mathematics in connection with theorem provers, roots of polynomials, Kronecker's construction, field extensions, Polynomials in general fields (irreducibility, etc.)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
4
Average
Top 10%
Average
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