Ages derived from various isotope systems in high-pressure (HP) rocks of the western Tianshan orogen of NW China have been interpreted as evidence for late Carboniferous and/or Triassic collision of the accretionary margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) with the Tarim Craton. In order to elucidate this controversy, we present new P-T data as well as Sm-Nd and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages for an eclogite sample from Atbashi in the accretionary melange of the South Tianshan suture in Kyrgyzstan, some 500 km along strike to the west of the controversial locality in the upper Akeyazhi River Valley in NW China. A clockwise P-T path for the eclogite with peak pressures of 18 to 24 kbar at 520 to 600 °C is consistent with near-isothermal decompression and exhumation in a subduction zone before collision of the CAOB with the Tarim Craton. Geochemical data and an initial eNd value of ∼ +9 suggest an N-MORB protolith for the eclogite. The high-pressure mineral assemblage of the eclogite yielded a statistically robust Sm-Nd isochron age of 319 ± 4 Ma (2σ, 5 data points, MSWD = 0.4) for equilibration and closure of the Sm-Nd system during HP metamorphism. 40Ar/39Ar dating of phengite from the same sample yielded a cooling age of 316 ± 3 Ma (2σ) implying rapid exhumation. Docking of the Tarim Craton with the southern margin of the Middle Tianshan-North Tianshan blocks in Kyrgyzstan during the late Carboniferous is supported by widespread emplacement of A-type granitoids of early Permian age that suggest a setting of consolidated crust. An unmetamorphosed and little deformed molasse-type conglomerate of latest Carboniferous age, overlying the HP rocks, indicates that HP metamorphism, exhumation, and exposure of the HP melange occurred from 320 to ∼300 Ma. The detrital zircon age spectrum of a metagraywacke sample from the accretionary melange suggests sources in the Tarim Craton and/or from the Middle and North Tianshan that possibly comprise rifted blocks from Tarim.