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Social Darwinism

Authors: Giner i de San Julián, Salvador;

Social Darwinism

Abstract

El món del saber mai no fou el mateix a partir del 24 de novembre de 1859. Fins i tot, les persones a qui més plau posar èmfasi en la dimensió anònima i col·lectiva de l'avenç científic es veuen obligades a acceptar la fulminant aportació d'una sola i senzilla teoria, l'exposada per Charles Darwin a L'origen de les espècies, el 1859. Estudiosos de tots els àmbits van voler incorporar el descobriment del naturalista anglès a les seves pròpies teories. En totes les ciències socials, des de l'etnologia fins a la politologia, des de la sociologia fins a la història, va sorgir l'afany d'incorporar un evolucionisme ajustat a nocions com les de selecció natural, lluita per la vida i supervivència dels més ben dotats, a les interpretacions més científiques de la societat humana. Tanmateix, les teories sociològiques més interessants sobre la dinàmica social posen èmfasi, des de molt abans de Charles Darwin, en la lluita pels recursos escassos, el domini d'uns homes sobre els altres, la consolidació d'elits, la subordinació de certes classes a d'altres, la marginació o exclusió socials i, naturalment, la guerra, la concurrència econòmica –despietada de vegades– i les lluites que caracteritzen la nostra història des de sempre. La hipòtesi i les explicacions de Darwin van reforçar aquesta vella tradició «conflictivista» d'anàlisi dels assumptes humans. La van enriquir notablement, encara que, en alguns casos, van introduir algunes simplificacions d'estil sociobiològic que la investigació posterior s'ha encarregat de corregir, matisar i superar. Però el darwinisme social no és cosa del passat. Així, durant la llarga fase neoliberal i neoconservadora que ha conduït a la present recessió econòmica, vivíem en un neodarwinisme social vulgar, en el qual els responsables acceptaven les disfuncions de la dinàmica econòmica. Ja és hora de revelar l'enigma que s'amaga en aquest feix complicat, i immensament influent, d'idees que cobreix el darwinisme social. És hora d'assenyalar quines d'elles són pernicioses, acientífiques o enterament falses i quines, sense cap dubte, responen a una agradable aproximació a la sempre inabastable veritat.

After 24 November 1859, the world of knowledge would never be the same. Even those who prefer to emphasize the anonymous and collective dimension of scientific advances are forced to accept the fulminant contribution of Charles Darwin in his On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. Thereafter, experts from numerous fields of study sought to incorporate the English naturalist’s conclusions into their own theories. Among these were social scientists, from ethnologists to political scientists, from sociologists to historians, all of whom readily adapted the notions of natural selection, the struggle for life, and the survival of the fittest to their own scientific interpretations of the nature of human society. Long before Darwin, however, the most interesting sociological theories on social dynamics strongly emphasized , the struggle for scarce resources, the consolidation of elites, the subordination of certain classes to others, social exclusion or marginalization, social harmony as well as the often ruthless and violent competition (for power, territory, etc.) that has always characterized our history. Darwin’s work reinforced but also notably enriched discussions of the role of traditional conflicts in the analysis of human matters. While in some cases broader application of evolutionary theory has resulted in a tendency to oversimplifications, further research has generally led to corrections and clarifications. Unfortunately, a vulgar social Darwinism persists. Thus, during the long neoliberal and neoconservative phase that preceded the present economic recession, social neodarwinism, can be seen to have motivated the financial schemes and abuses that ultimately disrupted the economic dynamics of much of the developed world. It is therefore time to re-examine social Darwinism and its enormously influential impact on society. Those aspects which are pernicious, unscientific, or completely false must be distinguished from those which, without a doubt, provide a satisfying approximation of the always unattainable truth.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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Green