The study aid examines in depth the theoretical foundations of economic theory and the growth of its role in the geo-economics of the world and developing countries. The features of the formation and development of the foundations of economic theory are determined, trends are revealed and the effectiveness of the application of the foundations of economic theory in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the pre-crisis, crisis periods and at present is assessed. In the publication, using many facts and examples, the authors broadly and comprehensively explored the emergence and stages of development of economic theory. The authors of the publication do not pretend to be an exhaustive presentation of all issues of organizing the foundations of economic theory provided for by the course program, but they hope that the book will become a necessary guide for students and undergraduates of economic specialties.