This subject could, of course, be handled in terms of direct justification along the lines chosen by John Stuart Mill or de Tocqueville, who based their arguments upon a set of values going back to their belief in individual liberty; or with the logic used by Montesquieu, when he proceeded from his own private conviction of the value of tranquility to an argument for moderation in government and thence on to the final stage, the exclusion of governmental caprice and the arbitrary by instituting the separation of powers. Perhaps the better procedure, because it is more comprehensive, is to consider the forces involved in the process of centralization and the stubborn counter-