Twelve different white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) vocalizations were recorded. Ten of these were analyzed with a sound spectrograph. Alarm calls consisted of the snort, given when a deer detected danger, and a bawl, given when a deer was traumatized. Three agonistic calls were recorded. The low grunt was given in low-level agonistic interactions. The grunt-snort, given during more intense dominance interactions, consisted of the low grunt with 1-4 rapid snorts added. The grunt-snort-wheeze consisted of the grunt-snort with the addition of a wheezing exhalation through the nostrils. It was characteristic of dominance interactions among bucks during the breeding season. Four maternal-neonatal sounds were recorded. The maternal grunt was used by does searching for their bedded fawns. The mew was given by fawns and appeared to solicit care from the mother. The bleat was a more insistent care solicitation call and was given when fawns were disturbed or deprived. A nursing whine was given repeatedly while suckling. Mating calls consisted of a tending grunt and the flehmen-sniff. When separated from members of their group, females gave a contact call. INTRODUCTION Ungulate vocal communication has received little scientific attention. Tembrock (1963) noted the fundamental frequency of some calls from several species of ungulates, but Kiley (1972) made the first in-depth measurements of the sounds of domestic cattle, swine and horses. Espmark (1975) used sound spectrograms to analyze the calls of reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus) and concluded that the calls were distinct among individuals. Other studies of wild or captive ungulates are those by Nikolskii (1975) of red deer (Cervus elaphus), Gunderson and Mahan (1980) of American bison (Bison bison) and Yahner (1980) of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Various vocalizations of the white-tailed deer have been described by several authors (Hatt, 1937; Cowan and Geist, 1961; Faatz, 1976; Hirth and McCullough, 1977). Richardson (1981) and Richardson et al. (1983), however, were the first to systematically describe the calls of whitetails. Their study classified seven vocalizations and described social functions for each. We describe several additional vocalizations and further illustrate the social contexts in which these calls are used. METHODS Vocalizations were recorded from a captive herd of white-tailed deer maintained by the School of Forest Resources of The University of Georgia. Most recording was in a 1.2-ha pen containing mature and immature animals of both sexes. Deer were allowed to interact and breed freely, except for short periods when they were segregated into various paddocks to facilitate certain types of interactions. Additional recordings were made from deer held in an auxiliary 0.4-ha pen and from hand-reared fawns maintained in smaller pens. Social situations associated with each call and additional field observations were used to classify sounds into 12 general types. Recordings were made with a Uher 4000 Report IC reel-to-reel tape recorder using Scotch 1.5-mil polyester magnetic tape 211 and a Sennheiser MKH 816T directional studio microphone or a Supercone EC-7 cardioid condenser microphone. Tape speed was 19 cm/s. Sonagrams were made using a Kay Sona-Graph 6061B spectrum analyzer 1Present address: Health Program Office, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, 1317 Winewood Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32301.