Abstract This paper presents the exact sampling distributions of the ordinary and the two-stage least squares estimators of a structural parameter in a structural equation with two endogenous variables in a complete system of stochastic equations. The results show that the distributions of the two estimators are essentially similar to each other. It can also be seen that both distributions depend crucially upon the deviation of a regression coefficient of disturbance terms of two endogenous variables from a structural parameter, and that the first estimator possesses moments up to the order N-2, while the second possesses them up to the order K-1, where N is the sample size and K is the number of exogenous variables excluded from the equation to be estimated. The small sample properties of the estimators are investigated by numerical evaluations of the density functions.