Problems apparently solved sometimes have a way of returning with even more puzzling questions. Such is the case with the attempt to identify the occasion for Paul's letter to the Galatians. Before the beginning of the present century, the problem was thought to be solved. A few fringe areas might still be debated, but it was generally agreed that Paul wrote the letter to the churches of Galatia because some "Judaizers" had appeared there in order to undo Paul's effective preaching about a law-free gospel. The "Judaizers" had been preaching the necessity of circumcision and perhaps of keeping the entire Jewish Torah, and they had been discrediting Paul's authority. It was not quite clear whether these "Judaizers" had any relationship to the apostles in Jerusalem, or whether they came from Palestine or Asia Minor, but that was secondary 1). In I9I9 WILHELM LUTGERT 2) reopened the problem by suggesting that Paul's worst opponents in Galatia were not "Judaizers" but "Pneumatikoi", who charged Paul with preaching circumcision and currying the favor of the apostles in Jerusalem. This was an anti-Jewish group which preached a radically law-free gospel and felt that Paul was too Jewish. LUTGERT'S theory was substantially adopted in I929 by J. H. ROPES 3) and has found its way into certain introductions and commentaries in English. M. S. ENSLIN 4) and R. T. STAMM 5) now find both a Judaizing and an anti-Jewish