
Este estudio analiza el impacto de la política monetaria en contextos de crisis sobre el costo de apalancamiento de las empresas, medido a través del costo promedio ponderado de capital (CPPC). La evidencia econométrica muestra de manera consistente que un mayor CPPC se asocia con una mayor fragilidad financiera, relación que se mantiene significativa incluso después de controlar por la heterogeneidad no observable a nivel de empresa y por las condiciones macroeconómicas comunes en el tiempo. Además, se observa que este efecto se intensifica en escenarios de bajo crecimiento económico o frente a choques externos, como la depreciación cambiaria. Un hallazgo relevante es la heterogeneidad sectorial: las empresas de sectores transables, más expuestas al comercio internacional y a las condiciones financieras globales, presentan una sensibilidad más pronunciada al CPPC. En conjunto, estos resultados sugieren que el diseño de la política monetaria y económica debe incorporar las diferencias de vulnerabilidad estructural entre sectores, con el fin de mitigar riesgos sistémicos. FINANCIAL CRISES, MONETARY POLICY, AND THE COST OF CAPITAL FOR FIRMS ABSTRACT This paper investigates the impact of monetary policy during crisis episodes on firms’ cost of leverage, measured by the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). Using econometric analysis, the study provides robust evidence that higher WACC levels are systematically associated with increased financial fragility, even after accounting for unobservable firm heterogeneity and time-specific macroeconomic conditions. The results further show that this effect intensifies under weak economic growth or in the presence of external shocks, such as exchange rate depreciation. Notably, the analysis highlights significant sectoral heterogeneity: Firms in tradable industries, which are more exposed to international trade and global financial dynamics, exhibit greater sensitivity to changes in WACC. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating sector-specific structural vulnerabilities into the design of monetary and economic policy interventions aimed at mitigating systemic risks.
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