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Emergent Gauge Bosons

Authors: James Bjorken;

Emergent Gauge Bosons

Abstract

The old idea that the photon is a Goldstone boson emergent from a spontaneously broken theory of interacting fermions is revisited. It is conjectured that the gauge-potential condensate has a vacuum expectation value which is very large, perhaps the GUT/Planck momentum scale, but that the magnitude of the effective potential which generates it is very small, so small that in the limit of vanishing cosmological constant it would vanish. In this way, the threat of unacceptably large observable, noncovariant residual effects is mitigated. The linkage of these ideas to other speculative ideas involving black holes and parametrizations of Standard-Model coupling constants is also described.

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    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Average
Average
Average