The paper presents the idea of the processes in the modern science of language, which are caused by a number of socio-cultural changes in the society. Designated as the differentiation of the science of language, these processes reveal new aspects of the functioning of the language, pose new theoretical problems and applied tasks and thus contribute to the formation of the new ones – sphere linguistics. Precisely such linguistics – political, juridical linguistics and media linguistics – are analyzed in the paper. The main attention is paid to the concept of “the sphere of speech (communion, communication)” in the works of such linguists as V. V. Vinogradov, M. M. Bakhtin, Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky within the framework of stylistics, theory of speech genres, general philology. The reasons of the actualization of analyzed communication areas at the turn of the centuries are observed. Generally the processes and stages of the three types of linguistics forming, the specific and the general in their present condition and place in the modern science of language, their development prospects are presented. The key moments of the national media linguistics formation are named.