Based on the criticism that estimates of the fiscal and economic effects of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) derived from firm-level data are not sufficiently accurate, this paper surveys the literature on BEPS (2003-2024) that analyzes country-level data. The findings indicate possible gaps in current tax policies to address BEPS and emphasize the need for improved international coordination and tailored policies to effectively tackle profit shifting, ensuring fair tax competition and robust public revenues. Directions for future research concern the effects of effective tax rates on real vs. "phantom" foreign direct investment (FDI) and the distinctions between immediate vs. ultimate FDI.