The Amazon has become central to global debates on sustainable development and forest conservation. In recent years, the concept of a bioeconomy based on biodiversity resources has gained increasing attention as a strategy for promoting economic development while maintaining forest ecosystems. However, many initiatives labelled as part of the Amazon bioeconomy remain concentrated in the extraction and commercialization of raw forest products, with limited local value addition. This article examines the role of bioindustry in the emerging Amazon bioeconomy and discusses the policy and governance challenges that influence the development of biodiversity-based value chains. We argue that strengthening bioindustrial activities linked to sociobiodiversity can contribute to moving beyond extractive economic patterns and fostering more inclusive and sustainable forest-based development. The analysis highlights key barriers related to infrastructure, innovation systems, and institutional governance. Addressing these challenges will be essential for enabling bioindustry to support sustainable development pathways in the Amazon region.