Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
addClaim

A Generalized Three-Dimensional Manifold for the Budyko Hypothesis: Analytical Derivation and Structural Stability in Open Hydrological Systems

Authors: Chandra Mohan Shakya; Rajib Kumar Bhattacharjya;

A Generalized Three-Dimensional Manifold for the Budyko Hypothesis: Analytical Derivation and Structural Stability in Open Hydrological Systems

Abstract

The classical Budyko framework provides a foundational description of long-term hydroclimatic partitioning but assumes hydrological closure, making it structurally inadequate for basins influenced by glacier melt, groundwater depletion, reservoir regulation, or inter-basin water transfers. This study presents the ShakyaQX (SQX) manifold — a generalized three-dimensional extension of the Budyko hypothesis that represents hydroclimatic partitioning as a surface in the state space (x, γ, φ), where x = PET/P is the climatic aridity index, γ is a landscape response parameter, and φ = 1 + ΔS/P is an orthogonal openness coordinate derived from the generalized water balance. By introducing φ as a true independent geometric axis rather than embedding it in the climatic coordinate, SQX eliminates the hyperbolic singularity that afflicts all input-rescaling (IR) approaches ([[EQUATION]] → ∞ as P + ΔS → 0) and avoids the piecewise bimodal formulations required by Gao et al. (2020) and He et al. (2025). The SQX formulation is proven to satisfy strict monotonicity and global concavity, to maintain bounded sensitivity [[EQUATION]]), and to reduce exactly to the Mezentsev-Choudhury-Yang curve when φ = 1.For the special case γ = 1, SQX reduces to the harmonic sum of x and φ, directly linking Budyko theory to the dual-resistance (Penman-Monteith) framework at the basin scale. Application to the Brahmaputra Basin at Golpara (2002-2021) yields [[EQUATION]] at annual scale.At monthly scale, 63 of 242 observations satisfy the SQX admissibility conditions (φ > 0, ET ≥ 0, [[EQUATION]]), yielding [[EQUATION]] with NSE = 0.650 and KGE = 0.651. The three admissibility violation years (2010, 2013, 2017) are diagnosed as probable GRACE overestimation events, demonstrating that the SQX admissibility bound functions as a sensitive detector of satellite storage uncertainty in cryosphere-influenced basins. SQX outperforms IR on four of five performance metrics and provides a structurally robust, physically interpretable foundation for hydroclimatic analysis under non-stationary and anthropogenically influenced conditions.

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Upload OA version
Are you the author of this publication? Upload your Open Access version to Zenodo!
It’s fast and easy, just two clicks!