Space-based optical surveillance constellations show significant promise for mitigating debris collision risks and enhancing space situational awareness. However, rapid configuration design is hindered by significant challenges, primarily the computational burden of processing complex sensor field-of-view (FOV) constraints and the optimization difficulties inherent in high-dimensional decision variables. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel framework for rapidly designing these constellations. The framework incorporates an efficient hierarchical visibility window calculation algorithm that significantly reduces the processing time for complex sensor FOV constraints. Furthermore, integrating practical techniques, specifically efficient visibility window merging and incremental optimization, facilitates the rapid configuration of large-scale systems. The proposed framework is validated through specific optimization case studies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces the computational time for visibility window determination by over 30 times compared with classical fixed-step algorithms. Furthermore, the proposed approach outperforms the best existing solutions in optimizing the configuration of space-based optical debris monitoring constellations. Additionally, the framework exhibits strong scalability for complex design scenarios.