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https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6...
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
Article . 2026
License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
Data sources: Datacite
DBLP
Preprint . 2026
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Randomized Zero Forcing

Authors: Jesse Geneson; Illya Hicks; Noah Lichtenberg; Alvin Moon; Nicolas Robles;

Randomized Zero Forcing

Abstract

We introduce randomized zero forcing (RZF), a stochastic color-change process on directed graphs in which a white vertex turns blue with probability equal to the fraction of its incoming neighbors that are blue. Unlike probabilistic zero forcing, RZF is governed by in-neighborhood structure and can fail to propagate globally due to directionality. The model extends naturally to weighted directed graphs by replacing neighbor counts with incoming weight proportions. We study the expected propagation time of RZF, establishing monotonicity properties with respect to enlarging the initial blue set and increasing weights on edges out of initially blue vertices, as well as invariances that relate weighted and unweighted dynamics. Exact values and sharp asymptotics are obtained for several families of directed graphs, including arborescences, stars, paths, cycles, and spiders, and we derive tight extremal bounds for unweighted directed graphs in terms of basic parameters such as order, degree, and radius. We conclude with an application to an empirical input-output network, illustrating how expected propagation time under RZF yields a dynamic, process-based notion of centrality in directed weighted systems.

Keywords

FOS: Computer and information sciences, 05C57, 05C20, 05C81, 60J10, Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM), Combinatorics, Discrete Mathematics, FOS: Mathematics, Combinatorics (math.CO)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green