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https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6...
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
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Data as Liability

Authors: Fatih Kansoy; Yuhao Huo;

Data as Liability

Abstract

Artificial intelligence makes data more productive, but it also makes data more costly to govern. This paper asks where that governance cost shows up in firms' own risk disclosures. Using roughly 84000 firm-years of SEC annual filings for US listed firms from 1994 to 2023, the paper builds layered text and LLM measures to separate AI invention from AI adoption and relates both to disclosed attention to data breach risk. AI adoption is associated with roughly 5 per cent higher breach-risk attention relative to the sample mean; AI invention is economically negligible once both margins enter the same specification. The wedge survives an explicit non-AI digitisation placebo built from the same filings. Among adopters, breach-risk attention is highest where deployment is customer-facing. Firms that explicitly connect AI to breach vulnerability describe it as expanding exposure in 101 of 103 directional statements. Supplementary evidence from staggered state Data Breach Notification laws is directionally consistent with the disclosure results.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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