This study investigates the mechanisms by which rubberized concrete overlays enhance the impact resistance of substrate concrete. Drop-weight impact tests were conducted to assess the effects of rubber particle size, rubber content, and interface roughness on the impact failure modes and life of the overlays.A Weibull distribution model was applied to analyze the significance of these factors and predict the impact life of the overlays. The results reveal that rubberized concrete overlays exhibit distinct ductile failure characteristics under impact loading. Fine rubber particles improve stress distribution uniformity, while coarse rubber particles enhance energy absorption through a pronounced skeletal effect. When rubber content exceeds 15%, a continuous energy dissipation network is formed within the overlay, leading to the highest impact resistance. Moreover, a moderate interface roughness (Grade III) improves the interfacial bonding and reduces stress concentration. The two-parameter Weibull distribution model provides a reliable framework for describing the impact life characteristics of rubberized concrete overlays, with good agreement between predicted and experimental results. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of rubber particle size, rubber content, and interface roughness, offering a theoretical basis for the design and durability assessment of high-performance, impact-resistant rubberized concrete