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A Mycovirus-encoded Homologue of Plant Viral Movement Proteins is not Functional in Movement Complementation Assays in Plants

Authors: Federica Bono; Ian Martinelli; Yi Guo; Saul Pagnoni; Frederic Aparicio Herrero; Massimo Turina;

A Mycovirus-encoded Homologue of Plant Viral Movement Proteins is not Functional in Movement Complementation Assays in Plants

Abstract

Valsa mali negative strand RNA virus 1 (VmNSRV1), a fungal virus infecting Valsa mali and belonging to the Phenuiviridae family, was recently identified as capable of naturally infecting plants. Its RNA2 encodes a homologue of a plant virus movement protein (MP) that can complement MP-deficient virus vectors and localizes to plasmodesmata allowing a natural cross-kingdom infection. To determine whether this property is a common feature among mycoviruses possessing distant MP homologues or an isolate-specific trait, we investigated Trichoderma gamsii cogu-like virus 1 (TgClV1), a Phenuiviridae member in the Bocivirus genus detected in Trichoderma gamsii. Structural analysis guided by AlphaFold confirmed that the RNA2-encoded open reading frame (ORF) contains a conserved seven beta-strand module characteristic of the 30 kDa MP superfamily, making it a putative MP-like (MPl). To assess its functional role, we tested whether TgClV1’s putative MP could complement movement-deficient plant viruses, employing tomato apex necrosis virus (ToANV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and potato virus X (PVX) MP-deficient vectors. While tobacco mosaic virus-MP successfully complemented cell-to-cell movement in trans in all these systems, TgClV1-MP did not. Additionally, localization studies of TgClV1-MP-GFP fusion revealed that, unlike TMV-MP and VmNSRV1-MP, TgClV1-MP did not specifically target plasmodesmata, a key characteristic of functional virus MPs. Finally, direct inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana—either via mechanical application of purified TgClV1 or natural inoculation through TgClV1-infected Trichoderma gamsii associated with plant roots—failed to establish plant infection. In conclusion, our findings do not support the hypothesis that TgClV1-MPl functions as a plant virus movement protein. The evolutionary implications of this observation are discussed.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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