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Smart Agricultural Technology
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC
Data sources: Crossref
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6...
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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Optimizing air-assistance for an electrostatic sprayer integrated with intelligent spray control in a greenhouse environment

Authors: Matthew Herkins; Heping Zhu; Hongyoung Jeon; Lingying Zhao;

Optimizing air-assistance for an electrostatic sprayer integrated with intelligent spray control in a greenhouse environment

Abstract

An electrostatic spraying system integrated with air-assistance was evaluated to enhance canopy deposition in a wind tunnel and a greenhouse environment under varying air speeds and droplet charge-to-mass ratios. Experimental results in a wind tunnel revealed that under still-air conditions, an air-assistance speed of 10 m s-1 optimized spray performance, achieving a peak average canopy coverage of 15.4% and deposition of 1.52 µg cm-2. Under moderate wind conditions of 2.24 m s-1, the optimal operational parameters shifted; maximum canopy deposition was observed at an air-assistance speed of 15 m s-1, while maximum coverage occurred at 20 m s-1. Subsequent greenhouse experiments compared conventional and variable-rate ‘intelligent’ spraying systems, both electrostatically and non-electrostatically, to quantify canopy coverage, spray uniformity, and overspray potential. Electrostatic sprays relatively enhanced average coverage by 21.5% and 26.8% for conventional and intelligent systems, respectively, compared to the non-electrostatic counterparts. When combined with air-assistance, electrostatic charging relatively increased coverage by 49.1% for the conventional system and 35.5% for the intelligent variable-rate system relative to the conventional non-electrostatic system. Additionally, the intelligent system significantly improved the spray uniformity index and minimized overspray potential. These findings demonstrate that integrating intelligent control with the air-assisted electrostatic spraying system could provide optimal applications with maximized canopy penetration and minimized off-target waste in a greenhouse environment.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average