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Electoral Behaviour in Contemporary India: A Behavioural Typology of Permanent, Paid, and Suspense Voters

Authors: Girish Rathod M.S.;

Electoral Behaviour in Contemporary India: A Behavioural Typology of Permanent, Paid, and Suspense Voters

Abstract

Electoral behaviour in India is a multifaceted phenomenon that defies simple categorization through traditional demographic or identity-based models. This article proposes a novel behavioural typology-classifying voters into Permanent, Paid, and Suspense categories-to better understand the motivations guiding the Indian electorate in the contemporary era. Drawing on statistical data from the 2019 and 2024 General Elections, including National Election Study (NES) results from Lokniti-CSDS, this study examines the prevalence and impact of these voter types. Permanent voters, representing approximately 25.7% of the electorate in 2024, exhibit long-term partisan loyalty often rooted in social identities such as caste and religion. Paid voters represent a transactional segment influenced by material inducements, a persistent feature of "money-politics" in various regions. Suspense voters, comprising nearly 26% of the 2024 electorate who decided their vote in the final days of the campaign, emerge as critical agents of democratic accountability. This latter group is increasingly driven by "pocketbook" voting-economic considerations such as income growth and employment-and exhibits significant volatility, particularly among the youth and urban populations. The findings suggest a gradual shift from identity-driven stability toward performance-based deliberation, facilitated by the rapid penetration of digital media. This transition has significant implications for electoral strategy, governance quality, and democratic consolidation in the world's largest democracy.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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