
Studies of descriptive representation typically use a percentage 'gap' or 'ratio' to measure under- or over-representation. I propose generalisations to the existing approach using measures of disproportionality to measure multigroup representation relative to population benchmarks. I then extend the disproportionality approach to show how representation of one dimension of identity compares across two or more subgroups. I apply these measures to the representation of occupational class in the Australian Parliament (1986-2023) and then expand the analysis to show that women are more likely to represent typically female professions than men are to represent typically male professions. Disproportionality avoids problems with existing measures such as category concatenation, which can mask severe distortions in representation, and complications in operationalising concepts such as class. The approach is sufficiently general to address several areas of descriptive representation from race and ethnicity, to social class, gender, age, religion, or geography.
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