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https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2...
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5...
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Data From the Perma+4 Questionnaire "Subjective Well -being of an Organization's Employees": Application of Dimension Reduction and Clustering Methods 

Authors: Andrey Smolyanov;

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Data From the Perma+4 Questionnaire "Subjective Well -being of an Organization's Employees": Application of Dimension Reduction and Clustering Methods 

Abstract

The development of machine learning methods opens new opportunities for analyzing multidimensional psychological constructs traditionally studied via classical statistical approaches. This study presents a comprehensive multidimensional statistical analysis of data on the employee's subjective well-being obtained via PERMA+4 questionnaire. This study used contemporary methods of dimensionality reduction (PCA, t-SNE, UMAP, Isomap, MDS) and clustering (K-means, DBSCAN, agglomerative clustering) to reveal the latent structure of wellbeing data. The quality of the solutions was assessed via a set of validated metrics: the silhouette score, the Kalinski–Harabasz score, and the Davies–Bouldin score. The sample consisted of 325 respondents. Measurements were taken across nine employee well-being indicators included in the PERMA+4 model. This study revealed the exceptionally high effectiveness of UMAP in combination with K-means clustering (silhouette coefficient = 0.942). A stable 2-cluster data structure was identified, reflecting a qualitative difference between groups of employees with moderate (78%) and high (22%) levels of well-being. All measures used showed statistically significant differences between clusters (p<0.001, effect sizes r=0.405-0.672). Correlation analysis of the UMAP space revealed the dominance of a general wellbeing factor (first axis) with a specific role for Economic security as a partially independent measure (second axis). The results obtained not only make a significant contribution to understanding the interaction of the components of subjective employee well-being, confirm its systemic nature, and provide empirical grounds for developing differentiated strategies to improve well-being but also demonstrate the high applicability of nonlinear dimension reduction methods for analyzing the structure of psychometric data.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
hybrid