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Parrondo's Paradox is Not Paradoxical

Authors: Thomas K. Philips; Andrew B. Feldman;

Parrondo's Paradox is Not Paradoxical

Abstract

Parrondo's paradox concerns two games that are played in an alternating sequence. An analysis of each game in isolation shows them both to be losing games (i.e., to have a negative expectation). However, when the two games are played in an alternating sequence, the resulting compound game is, paradoxically, a winning game with a positive expectation. This paradox has aroused a great deal of interest in recent years, and a number of sophisticated resolutions of it have been published. It is the purpose of this article to show that the paradox is not paradoxical at all, and is easily resolved using elementary probability.

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Powered by OpenAIRE graph
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Average
Average
Average
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