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Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Crossref
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5...
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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Target Determination of Volatile Fluoroalkyl Pollutants and Non-Target Screening for Environmental Monitoring

Authors: Maria Chiara Corviseri; Allan Polidoro; Marco De Poli; Claudia Stevanin; Tatiana Chenet; Caterina D'Anna; Alberto Cavazzini; +2 Authors

Target Determination of Volatile Fluoroalkyl Pollutants and Non-Target Screening for Environmental Monitoring

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants known for their toxicity, mobility, and bioaccumulation. Efficient sample preparation and analysis of these compounds are critical for environmental monitoring. In this study, a novel analytical methodology is presented, integrating dynamic headspace extraction (DHS) and thermal desorption (TD) with one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) for the quantification of target volatile and semi-volatile PFAS. Such an approach also enables the non-targeted screening of other classes of contaminants in aqueous samples. The method was optimized and validated for nine (semi-)volatile PFAS, including fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), acrylate (FTAc), and alkyl sulfonamides (FOSA, FOSE). Three types of adsorbent materials were evaluated during the enrichment step, among which Tenax TA demonstrated superior recovery and reproducibility. Extraction volumes of 1 L, 2 L, and 5 L were tested, with 1 L providing the most consistent recoveries and reproducibility. The optimized method achieved detection limits as low as 2.17 ng L-1, indicating high sensitivity. In a case study involving water from an industrial site, the enhanced separation and detection capabilities of GC×GC-TOFMS enabled the identification of 115 additional environmentally relevant compounds, including halogen-containing compounds, monoaromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This integrated DHS-TD-GC×GC-TOFMS approach provides a robust and suitable analytical solution for targeted PFAS monitoring, combining high sensitivity and selectivity with simultaneous non-targeted analytical capabilities - a particularly advantageous feature for the environmental monitoring of (semi-)volatile chemicals in real samples.

Country
Italy
Keywords

Fluorocarbons, Volatile Organic Compounds, Limit of Detection, DHS; GC×GC-MS; NTA; PFAS; POPs, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring

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    popularity
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    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
10
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
hybrid