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Journal of Accounting and Economics
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5...
Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
SSRN Electronic Journal
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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Website Cookies and Voluntary Disclosure

Authors: Junhao Liu;

Website Cookies and Voluntary Disclosure

Abstract

Using website cookie information from U.S. firms' websites, I measure consumer data collected through cookies and examine how such data affect firms' accounting information environments. Cookies provide granular and real-time consumer data to firms' internal information environments and may improve the quality of internal information that managers rely on for external reporting. I find that firms with more cookies issue management sales forecasts more frequently and devote a larger share of disclosures in 10-K filings to customer, marketing, and product topics. The effects are stronger when cookie-collected data are more relevant or larger in volume and when firms have better data analytic technology. However, proprietary costs and data privacy protection mechanisms attenuate these effects. Using the California Consumer Privacy Act as a quasi-natural experiment, I provide causal evidence linking cookie-collected data to voluntary disclosure. Overall, the study highlights the role of firm-collected consumer data in shaping accounting information environments.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
hybrid