In order to improve the physical and mechanical properties and the ability to perform in practical applications of prefabricated monolithic composite columns, high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCC) material was prefabricated into mold shells to form HPFRCC precast monolithic composite columns. Through the axial compression test, the axial compression failure form, failure mechanism, bearing capacity, deformation ability, and influencing factors were studied. The results showed that compared with RC precast monolithic composite column, the HPFRCC specimens showed better deformation performance. HPFRCC prefabricated shells provided additional restraint beyond stirrups. The HPFRCC composite columns’ yield compressive strain increased by 11.59% on average compared with the RC composite column, and the peak compressive strain increased by 10.92%. The larger the ρv of stirrups was, the larger the compressive strain of the key point of the columns was. Compared with the FC-P-01 (ρv was 1.05%), the yield compressive strain of FC-P-02 (ρv was 1.48%) increased by 21.63%, and the yield compressive strain of FC-P-03 (ρv was 0.74%) decreased by 11.20%. The calculation model of the axial bearing capacity of the HPFRCC composite column was established through theoretical mechanical analysis, and the calculated values of the model fit with the experimental values.