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Pacific-Basin Finance Journal
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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To Fix or Not to Fix, the Fix: Reassessing the Effectiveness of the 4pm Fix. A Pre-Registered Study

Authors: Benenchia, Matteo; Galati, Luca; Lepone, Andrew;

To Fix or Not to Fix, the Fix: Reassessing the Effectiveness of the 4pm Fix. A Pre-Registered Study

Abstract

This study critically re-evaluates the effectiveness of the WM/Refinitiv (WMR) methodology for Foreign Exchange (FX) benchmark rates following its revision in 2015. Through the use of proprietary high-frequency trading data provided by Refinitiv, the research assesses the representativeness, attainability, and robustness of the WMR 4 pm fix. The study examines the benchmark’s ability to accurately reflect market conditions and the implications of potential methodological enhancements, such as extending the calculation window. Findings indicate that while limited improvements in robustness can be achieved with longer windows, the current 5-min window remains broadly effective. However, the increased complexity and cost of changing the length of the window could outweigh the benefits. Additional results underscore the need for ongoing adaptation to evolving market dynamics and provide critical insights for financial institutions, regulators, and central banks in maintaining reliable and manipulation-resistant benchmarks.

Country
Italy
Keywords

FX benchmark rates; Financial regulation; Market microstructure; WM/Refinitiv; 4pm window

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    popularity
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    influence
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green
hybrid