Economic research on gender gaps in preferences and economic outcomes has focused on variation with respect to sex—a binary classification as either a “man”or “woman.” We validate a novel and simple measure of self-reported continuousgender identity (CGI) and explore whether gender identity correlates with variationin economic decisions and outcomes beyond the relationship with binary sex.We use four datasets (N=8,073) measuring various dimensions of economic preferences and educational and labor market outcomes for which prior research hasdocumented gaps between men and women. Our analysis rejects the null hypothesisthat CGI has no relationship with behaviors and preferences beyond therelationship with binary sex, particularly for men, and suggests that incorporatingself-reported measures of gender identity may have value for understanding gendergaps and for targeting policy. However, when considering specific domains, therelationships vary in statistical significance and are often small.