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The RAND Journal of Economics
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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SSRN Electronic Journal
Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
SSRN Electronic Journal
Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
Article . 2025
License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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Preprint . 2025
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EconStor
Research . 2026
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Demand Estimation with Text and Image Data

Authors: Giovanni Compiani; Ilya Morozov; Stephan Seiler;

Demand Estimation with Text and Image Data

Abstract

ABSTRACT We propose a demand estimation approach that leverages unstructured data to infer substitution patterns. Using pre‐trained deep learning models, we extract embeddings from product images and textual descriptions and incorporate them into a mixed logit demand model. This approach enables demand estimation even when researchers lack data on product attributes or when consumers value hard‐to‐quantify attributes such as visual design. Using a choice experiment, we show this approach substantially outperforms standard attribute‐based models at counterfactual predictions of second choices. We also apply it to 40 product categories offered on Amazon.com and consistently find that unstructured data are informative about substitution patterns.

Keywords

FOS: Computer and information sciences, General Economics (econ.GN), ddc:330, Economics, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), deep learning, General Economics, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Machine Learning, FOS: Economics and business, C1, C81, demand estimation, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, C5, unstructured data

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    popularity
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    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
4
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
hybrid