
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3696241
Turkish history has witnessed so many different kinds of reinvented Kemalism (Insel 2001, 14) (right-wing Kemalism, left-wing Kemalism, liberal Kemalism, socialist Kemalism, Westernist Kemalism, conservative Kemalism, xenophobic ultra-nationalist Kemalism, Kemalism as an official ideology, Kemalism as an opposition ideology, Ataturkism…etc.). Experts even write about “clash of Kemalisms” (Bagdonas 2008).
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